Overview
The Vertical and Horizontal Condenser apparatus allows students to study and compare the condensation heat transfer rates and condensate flow patterns in vertically and horizontally oriented condenser tubes. Steam condenses on the outer surface of tubes cooled by water flowing inside, in both orientations. The experiment validates Nusselt's film condensation theory for both geometries and demonstrates how orientation affects condensate film thickness, flow regime, and heat transfer coefficient. Results are plotted and compared with Nusselt's theoretical predictions for laminar film condensation.
Specifications
| Tube orientation | vertical and horizontal (switchable) |
| Tube material | copper |
| Steam temperature | 100 degrees C (atmospheric pressure) |
| Cooling water flow | 1 to 8 LPM |
| Temperature sensors | thermocouples, 4 to 6 points |
| Condensate measurement | digital flow meter / graduated cylinder |
| Viewing port | borosilicate glass |
| Power supply | 220V AC, 50 Hz |